Calprotenin detection: a new indicator of intestinal inflammation
Calprotenin is a calcium-zinc binding protein complex. It is found almost throughout the body, but is mainly found in white blood cells (also known as neutrophils), and is also expressed in monocytes and macrophages. In the case of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, white blood cells are drawn into the intestine and release the chemical mediators of inflammation and calprotenin in the intestine, thus increasing the concentration of calprotenin in the stool. In white blood cells, calprotenin has a stable structure and high antibacterial activity, which can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, and can be preserved in the external environment and the intestinal cavity for a long time, which can be used as a new indicator of intestinal inflammation and truly reflect the degree of intestinal inflammation.
Laboratories usually place a small amount of feces not contaminated with water or urine into a clean collection tube, collect the correct number of samples using a specific device (test tube) equipped with a rod cover, dip the sampling rod with the sample in the diluent, and test it.
If classic symptoms of gastrointestinal inflammation are present, such as diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps or pain, fever, weight loss, rectal bleeding, weakness, fecal calprotenin may need to be measured. Since these symptoms are also present in non-inflammatory bowel diseases, it is possible to assess the presence of inflammation or infection in the gut by detecting an increase in the concentration of calprotenin in the stool.
Before the test is performed, it is best to avoid strenuous physical activity (two days before the test) and avoid taking samples during menstruation or during intestinal bleeding (hemorrhoids). In general, the more severe the inflammation, the higher its concentration. In the laboratory, the reference range is usually less than < 50 µg/g for negative, 50-120 µg/g for weak positive, and >120 µg/g for positive. However, the current research and guidelines have not given a unified standard reference threshold, and the joint efforts of various research institutions are needed to determine the normal range of fecal calprotenin and the threshold of inflammation.
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